ABSTRACT
Since the pandemy, the carrying capacity of major railway stations has been restricted to respect the distance. In Asian metropolises, a tech-driven flow management system reinforces the surveillance of travellers and help the maintenance of a top affluence in station's buildings. In France, an attempt is made to space out travelers with less intrusive processes, such as signage and boarding protocol adaptation. A comparison between these two responses leads us to question what physical distancing does, here and there, to the practices and places of transit and to the economic injonction to densify flows in and around stations until now. Articulating the approaches of crowding science and health regulation in transit environments, the article presents a transcontinental comparison, and then questions the status of major station as post pandemic urbanism showroom.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the mobility, accessibility, and behaviors of visitors dramatically. Under the impact of COVID-19, the social carrying capacity and emotion dynamics in parks and recreation areas are expected to change due to the uncertainty of health risks associated with visitors' behaviors. This study con-ducted an on-site visitor survey at Leiqiong Global Geological Park, a national park located in urban-proximate areas in Haikou, China. This study aims to examine factors impacting visitors' perceived crowding and emotions under varying levels of visitor use in urban national parks in the context of COVID-19. Study results suggest that visitors have the highest level of motivation for scenery and culture viewing and are generally satisfied with the environmental quality and design and COVID-19 prevention strategies and implementation efforts within the park. Moreover, this study suggests that the level of crowding and COVID-19 prevention strategies and imple-mentation can affect visitors' emotions in urban natioanl parks significantly. These findings highlight the importance of enforcing the social carrying capacity limits and COVID-19 prevention strategies for urban parks and protected areas to mitigate physical and mental health risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Management implication: This study is one of the pilot studies that examines the social carrying capacity and emotion dynamics in urban national parks under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Study results identify the thresholds of social carrying capacity and visitors' positive emotions based on the indicator of People Per View (PPV). Moreover, COVID-19 prevention strategies (e.g., mask-wearing and social distancing) can reduce visitors' perceived crowding and enhance positive emotions. These findings suggest that urban national parks should monitor visitor use levels based on the social carrying capacity framework to reduce visitors' perceived crowding and maintain positive emotions in the post-COVID-19 era.
ABSTRACT
The chapter explores the perils of the unbridled growth of tourism and offers some approaches to optimise the benefits of tourism for the stakeholders. It also discusses the catalysing role of the COVID-19 pandemic in reorienting consumer preferences and thereby government policies towards a more responsible paradigm. India's fast-growing economy and rapid build-up of infrastructure would unleash a commensurate growth in its tourism sector and hence call for a need to approach it from the perspective of responsible tourism. It assesses the model of the Responsible Tourism initiative of Kerala based on the three pillars of environmental, economic and social responsibility. The chapter also proposes pilot initiatives at select destinations across the nation with primacy placed upon carrying capacity. It calls for reorienting the approach to the destination level instead of state-level and preparing a framework of administrative structures and financing. It also proposes a responsible tourism classification for tourism enterprises to which incentives and subsidies could be aligned to encourage onboarding. © 2022 Suman Billa.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the mobility, accessibility, and behaviors of visitors dramatically. Under the impact of COVID-19, the social carrying capacity and emotion dynamics in parks and recreation areas are expected to change due to the uncertainty of health risks associated with visitors' behaviors. This study conducted an on-site visitor survey at Leiqiong Global Geological Park, a national park located in urban-proximate areas in Haikou, China. This study aims to examine factors impacting visitors' perceived crowding and emotions under varying levels of visitor use in urban national parks in the context of COVID-19. Study results suggest that visitors have the highest level of motivation for scenery and culture viewing and are generally satisfied with the environmental quality and design and COVID-19 prevention strategies and implementation efforts within the park. Moreover, this study suggests that the level of crowding and COVID-19 prevention strategies and implementation can affect visitors' emotions in urban natioanl parks significantly. These findings highlight the importance of enforcing the social carrying capacity limits and COVID-19 prevention strategies for urban parks and protected areas to mitigate physical and mental health risks during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
The Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve (HBNP) was designated the first Marine Life Conservation District in Hawai'i in 1967. It is the most popular visitor snorkelling experience on the island of O'ahu. A social carrying capacity study was conducted upon reopening, following a nine-month COVID-19 closure due to travel restrictions. Surveys were compared to three prior surveys conducted between 1990 and 2002 to provide a larger historical context of social dynamics and perceived human impacts over time. Demographics, recreational activities, crowding perceptions, and educational availability were assessed. Visitor activity photos and counts were evaluated in context with survey responses. Perceived visitor contact on the reef was compared to in situ snorkelling impact. These quantitative observations reported an average of one reef disturbance for every two individuals. Photographic analysis of breakage of selected baseline corals prior to closure were compared to corals following reopening of the preserve in 2021. Partial mortality occurred in 60% of coral colonies. Successful management policies that include social carrying capacities should align with biological carrying capacities to balance the health of the ecosystem with a positive experience for visitors. These management strategies provide a holistic approach to advance conservation and meet visitor satisfaction goals. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
ABSTRACT
This study discusses the application of Doxey's irritation index in the face of existential crises. Building on the COVID-19 pandemic, data was collected at two time points (prior to the crisis and after the first wave). Our two sequences of data show that residents' attitudes are by no means fixed, with perceptions of overcrowding bouncing back and concerns about reduced economic benefits. In an attempt to develop ample descriptions of emerging concerns during existential crises, three archetypes of residents are identified and displayed using alluvial diagrams: (a) advocates of positive tourism impacts;(b) demanders of sustainable tourism;and (c) boycotters of further tourism developments. Theory is complemented by recalibrating the irritation index with an empirically-grounded existential crisis perspective that demonstrates shifting attitudinal patterns and provides grounds for discussions on the progress of Doxey's irritation index. © 2022 The Authors
ABSTRACT
Considering unpredictable and hastily evolving tipping points (like the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, ongoing climate crisis and the war in Ukraine), it is clear that sustainable energy transition and utilization of locally sourced renewable energies must be in the heart of both national, regional, and local energy systems. However, if we take a closer look at the actions undertaken at the local (communal) level, we see enormous diversity of patterns, prerequisites, and implications that drive and affect spatial deployment of renewable energies. Therefore, our research targets to better comprehend the question if individual communities are comparatively involved in the energy transition. We also ask whether the demand and supply of renewable energy is territorially balanced and how these differences (if any) can be justified. We are framing our research by the concepts of energy justice and ecological debt. We thoroughly explore and asses the renewable energy balance on the level of individual communities which is based on data on the installed power capacity potentials and energy consumption in local administration units in Poland (380). Spatial distribution and discrepancies in the deployment of the renewable energy creditors and the renewable energy debtors are detected. Noticeable disproportions were identified among communities where improved utilization of local potential of renewable energy could exceed energy demand (29% of communities). This result is contrasting with communities (71% of communities) that can be, on the other hand, classified as renewable energy debtors. We claim that insufficient support (institution, regulatory, and financial) for expanding local renewable energy systems is a clear barrier when adapting to the climate crisis by balancing the energy demand and supply at the local level.
ABSTRACT
This case study explores the concept of overtourism at natural heritage sites, with a specific focus on National Parks in the USA. The role of the manager in adapting to the Covid-19 is seen in the development of initiatives to manage visitor impacts at the sites. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Alan Fyall, Brian Garrod, Anna Leask and Stephen Wanhill;individual chapters, the contributors.
ABSTRACT
This study discusses the application of Doxey's irritation index in the face of existential crises. Building on the COVID-19 pandemic, data was collected at two time points (prior to the crisis and after the first wave). Our two sequences of data show that residents' attitudes are by no means fixed, with perceptions of overcrowding bouncing back and concerns about reduced economic benefits. In an attempt to develop ample descriptions of emerging concerns during existential crises, three archetypes of residents are identified and displayed using alluvial diagrams: (a) advocates of positive tourism impacts;(b) demanders of sustainable tourism;and (c) boycotters of further tourism developments. Theory is complemented by recalibrating the irritation index with an empirically-grounded existential crisis perspective that demonstrates shifting attitudinal patterns and provides grounds for discussions on the progress of Doxey's irritation index.
ABSTRACT
The constant increase in the number of tourists traveling around the world, has led governments in each country to work permanently and more specifically on tourism, guaranteeing better management in the influx of visitors at places, in order to control the use of natural resources, and attend the needs of inhabitants, as the imminent shortage of vital elements for survival is a subject even more delicate and urgency to deal with. As a part of the projects to eradicate this problem and in the middle of a pandemic several international organizations had provided lots of alternatives that must be taken into count in the development plans for a better public policy. In the points to deal with, we have tourism carrying overcapacity at interest places since derivate the quick increase of population in the world and the increase of travel, the limit of people that must be in the same space has been exceeded and with that the increase of problems at a local level un touristic destinations. Because of the current situation of COVID-19, tourism was one of the most affected. To guarantee the development and resurgence of post-pandemic tourism, it needs to lead to good planning based on the new passengers' and locals' requirements on the subject of biosecurity and trust in each touristic destination, in addition to bet for sustainable tourism.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 manifests as a viral respiratory disease that first was imported from Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China and then it spreads from human to human when they come in to contact everywhere in every continent. The response has been national and state governance with cooperation from the local government based on disaster management laws. The public health system became the frontline Corona Warriors and was respected by all for their services, but the system capacity was evaluated for its capability to have an unusually substantial number of patients. Many disciplines jointly must contribute a knowledge-based solution based on time-series data on infected, recovered and died as well as more reliable serum tests. When a nation declares one peak has reached the local data shows it has not and so local governance shall be the effective measure based on local data for COVID-19 governance. This book concentrates on local governance for COVID-19. This book believes that COVID-19 cannot be eliminated like smallpox or polio. It can appear and disappear seasonally like common cough and cold, with never-ending mutation of the virus, but it can cause deaths even after we had full vaccinations. The public health systems came out with preventive culture such as wearing masks, practising social distancing, washing hands with disinfectants etc. to combat this virus. The police were deployed to implement preventive measures enumerated above. In this process, both police and public health workers got infected and can even threaten the entire population with more deaths and collapse of the public health system. This book advocates concentrating on urban centres for COVID-19 because of high population density and public realms where the danger of COVID-19 spread from human contact is maximum. The use of humans for data collection and management involving surveys and analysis, policing and intervention of public health persons are all risky prepositions for the individuals involved. This book concentrates on the public realm for work and living and finds an alternate solution that can automate COVID-19 prevention methods with less human involvement. This book gives more importance to local governance based on local data and the use of tools available for local governance such as Master Plans, Zonal Plans, Public realm management using ICT-IoT systems, E-Democracy and E-government. These require modifications to the existing body of knowledge based on COVID-19 prevention capabilities. Hence zonal plans may get modified and non-human control of the public realm may be institutionalized. This chapter brings together the state of knowledge on all these discussed and the rest of the chapters use many of them to demonstrate locally based solutions based on locally generated data. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 manifests as a viral respiratory disease that first was imported from Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, and then it spreads from human to human when they come into contact everywhere in every continent. The response has been national and state governance with cooperation from the local government based on disaster management laws. The public health system became the frontline Corona Warriors and was respected by all for their services, but the system capacity was evaluated for its capability to have an unusually substantial number of patients. Many disciplines jointly must contribute a knowledge-based solution based on time series data on infected, recovered and died as well as more reliable serum tests. When a nation declares one peak has reached, the local data shows it has not and so local governance shall be the effective measure based on local data for COVID-19 governance. This book concentrates on local governance for COVID-19. This book believes that COVID-19 cannot be eliminated like smallpox or polio. It can appear and disappear seasonally like common cough and cold, with never-ending mutation of the virus, but it can cause deaths even after we had full vaccinations. The public health systems came out with preventive culture such as wearing masks, practising social distancing, washing hands with disinfectants to combat this virus. The police were deployed to implement preventive measures enumerated above. In this process, both police and public health workers got infected and can even threaten the entire population with more deaths and collapse of the public health system. This book advocates concentrating on urban centres for COVID-19 because of high population density and public realms where the danger of COVID-19 spread from human contact is maximum. The use of humans for data collection and management involving surveys and analysis, policing and intervention of public health persons is all risky prepositions for the individuals involved. This book concentrates on the public realm for work and living and finds an alternate solution that can automate COVID-19 prevention methods with less human involvement. This book gives more importance to local governance based on local data and the use of tools available for local governance such as Master Plans, zonal plans, public realm management using ICT-IoT systems, E-Democracy and E-government. These require modifications to the existing body of knowledge based on COVID-19 prevention capabilities. Hence, zonal plans may get modified and non-human control of the public realm may be institutionalised. This chapter brings together the state of knowledge on all these discussed, and the rest of the chapters use many of them to demonstrate locally based solutions based on locally generated data. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
A watershed plays significant roles for maintaining the balance of ecosystem, particularly on the fluvial landform dynamics. Bedog Sub-Watershed as a part of Progo Watershed flows across 11 sub-districts from Sleman and Bantul Regency. This sub-watershed indicates rural-urban characteristics and multi-aspects problems, such as the loss of croplands, a massive land-use changes into built-up area, and the decrease of environmental carrying capacity. On the purposes of preventing the negative aftermaths, this research aimed to create the strategies of sustainable environmental management in case of Bedog Sub-Watershed. This research used secondary data from regional planning products, PODES data, and the relevant literature. Primary data was acquired from in-depth interview with BPDASHL Serayu-Opak-Progo and agricultural-related government agency to gain governmental perspective of watershed management. This research used qualitative descriptive technique to analyse the result of interview. Livelihood assets were calculated by scoring index. The SWOT and DPSIR analysis were conducted to create the relevant strategies implying physical, social-economy, and regional development perspectives in the post-COVID-19 pandemic. The strengthening of government’s institutional aspects was the key to the management followed by necessary comprehensive study in Bedog Sub-Watershed management.
ABSTRACT
Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant influence on international tourist arrivals and receipts. This study examines the effect of environmental stimuli on tourists' satisfaction and intention to revisit rural tourism destinations in Sarawak, Malaysia. To determine the fitness of the measuring model and structural model, a total of 272 valid surveys were used. Interestingly, empirical evidence indicates that the majority of identified environmental stimuli (i.e., environmental quality, carrying capacity, and relaxation) significantly contribute to tourists' satisfaction. Additionally, it was revealed that satisfied tourists have a higher likelihood of returning, especially to rural tourism destinations in Sarawak. Additionally, a favorable attitude of local communities was discovered to be a key moderator in increasing the relationship between visitor satisfaction and intention to revisit.
ABSTRACT
The paper will investigate the impact of the vehicle carrying capacity to which the local tax is applied on forming the cost of delivery. The cost of 1 ton of freight under different tax scenarios is estimated in the paper: without tax 0, with fixed tax - 10% and with progressive tax from 0 to 75%. The greatest effect on reducing the vehicle's load capacity during urban deliveries showed a progressive tax. The developed regression model allows determining the cost of transportation of 1 ton of goods depending on the technological parameters of transport operations, the costs of the transport (logistics) operators to perform these operations, and local tax regulations for transport. The application of the model makes it possible to regulate the use of vehicles of a given capacity by the local administration. In contrast to the strict prohibition on the establishment of traffic signs, the use of a progressive tax by the local administration makes it possible to regulate traffic structure by economic methods. Exploring of influence local tax regulations on transportation will lead to the sustainability of the cities in order to provide GREEN technologies.
ABSTRACT
The COVID pandemic brought an unwelcome but rare natural quasi-experimental condition to empirically observe the effect of varying levels of tourism dependence on the intensity of economic contraction, vulnerability, and exposure to risks faced by countries when extreme circumstances and global shock events such as COVID cause travel and tourism activity to contract to zero or near-zero levels. Previous studies examining how to optimize tourism specialization, activity, or carrying capacity have thus far ignored scenarios in which global and local travel could be severely curtailed in such short, unexpected, manner and on a massive scale involving nearly all countries. This study aims to fill this knowledge void. Findings suggest that while almost all economies faced extraordinary contraction in 2020 due to the COVID pandemic, countries more heavily reliant on tourism for economic growth fared more poorly. Analysis also suggests that tourism dependence likely inflicted greater impact on economic contraction than the pandemic itself. Implications for long-term sustainable tourism levels incorporating worst case scenarios and based on the rare circumstance ushered by the pandemic are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Before Covid-19 happened, the tourism industry had been faced overtourism problems as the effect of mass tourism growth. Tourism environment quality reduction and the social problem happened to the local people become a problem behind all glitters of tourism growth. Since the Covid-19 outbreak, the overtourism problem changes into nontourism. The spread of Covid-19 in tourism can change the tourism development's paradigm from the visit quantity to the visit quality. Policy about the limitation on the number of visitors applied as the requirement for reopening the tourism sector. This policy is related to the tourism carrying capacity about the maximum amount contained in one tourism area without causing any damages to the environment. This visitor's limitation indirectly solved two problems at once, concerns about the spread of Covid-19 and overtourism repeats. The research was done in Pulau Merah Beach as the destination with the highest visitors in Banyuwangi regency, which has 574 visitors each day and did the tourism opening simulation in a new normal era with visitors' limitation. The tourism manager has determined that 750 people are the maximum number of visitors per day. This research aimed to evaluate the consistency of the number of maximum visitors with Covid-19 policy about visitors limitation using the tourism carrying capacity concept Mix methods were used in this study to deepen data and analysis. Thus, complete and clearer research was gained. Based on the analysis, the physical carrying capacity value of 1.074 people per day, the real carrying capacity value, and effectiveness of 468 people per day. It means the limitation of visitors in new normal tourism in Red Island is safe and by the Covid-19 protocol because it decreased about 30% from the tourism physical carrying capacity. However, if it was evaluated from the real carrying capacity value and effectiveness, those amounts are still exceeding the capacity of the tourism carrying capacity.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we consider a fractional SIS epidemic system with logistic growth demographic and saturated incidence rate for susceptibles. First, we validate our model by proving the global existence, positivity as well as boundedness of solutions. Then, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the extinction and persistence of the disease from the population. We also study the local asymptotic stability of the unique positive equilibrium point by analyzing the corresponding characteristic equation. We find that combining logistic growth and saturated incidence for susceptibles can lead the system dynamic behavior to exhibit stability switches. By choosing the growth rate and the carrying capacity of the population as the bifurcation parameters, the stability of the positive equilibrium and the existence of Hopf bifurcation are investigated. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to verify the theoretical results, to fit real-time data from 10 June to 25 November of 2020 and also to predict the number of cumulative cases for COVID-19 in Morocco during 2021.
ABSTRACT
The current world situation marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, plus the various specific situations in each locality, require an adequate response to promote development. One of the most recommended is the development of tourism, and precisely that it is linked to the environmental environments of nature. For this reason, geotourism offers guarantees of biosecurity, open spaces, and better conditions in the current situation. Guayaquil, a cosmopolitan city on the Ecuadorian coast, has unique characteristics for the development of geotourism. This work aims to carry out an environmental analysis, using the cause-consequence method and tourist carrying capacity in geosites for sustainable geotourism development. The methodology includes: (i) strategic geosites selection;(ii) environmental assessment of geosites and analysis of their carrying capacity for tourism;and (iii) interpretation of results and strategy development. The results reflect that Guayaquil has very significant potential given its natural geological and biological conditions. The union of geodiversity and biodiversity give the Guayaquil metropolis a special uniqueness, auguring an excellent future for geotourism development. It is vital the develop geosites with an environmental consideration that allows projecting towards sustainable development.
ABSTRACT
As COVID-19 mainly transmits through close contact, people tend to avoid crowded places when travelling. The psychological carrying capacity from tourists' perspective in outdoor scenic areas changes accordingly. However, tourism carrying capacity has been refined overtime to fit the changing situations in the context of COVID-19 without considering the psychological dimension. The Chinese government has required social distancing and mask wearing in crowded areas to control COVID-19 transmission at the individual level, which may change the psychological carrying capacity from tourists' perspective. Moreover, tourism risk perception and tourism motivation under the pandemic also leads to the change of psychological carrying capacity. What is the impact of self-protections, tourism risk perception and tourism motivation on the psychological carrying capacity in outdoor scenic areas? Therefore, based on the normative theory, with crowding norms as the indicator of psychological carrying capacity, this study focuses on the influence of social distance, mask wearing, tourism risk perception and tourism motivation on psychological carrying capacity of tourists in outdoor scenic areas. Since the visual method has been widely used to measure psychological carrying capacity with pictures as the substitutes of real scenes, the study takes the simulation pictures of outdoor scenic spots as the visual materials and carry out a visual behavior experiment. The experiment adopts a 6(in-group: social distance of 0 m/0.5 m-1 m/1 m-1.2 m/1.5 m-2 m/3 m-4.5 m/5 m-10 m)..2(between group: wearing/without a mask) two-factor mixed design. The results show that:(1) social distance and mask wearing both have significant main effect and interaction effect on crowding norms.(2) When wearing a mask, the psychological carrying capacity is the"safe distance"of 1 m-1.2 m, consistent with the current space carrying capacity of outdoor scenic areas and the safe social distance standard. When without a mask, the psychological carrying capacity is the"medium distance"of 1.5 m-2 m, which is significantly lower than the current space carrying capacity of outdoor scenic areas.(3) EFA discovers tourism risk perception includes three factors, namely "risk of infection", "individual realistic pressure", and "tourism environment pressure", and tourism motivation includes "released from the pandemic", "regaining sense of autonomy", and "enjoying life". Regression analysis finds that "risk of infection" has a significant negative impact on crowding norms, and"released from the pandemic"has a significant positive impact on crowding norms. The study integrated the COVID-19 prevention standards about self-protections closely related to outdoor activities with the psychological carrying capacity of outdoor scenic areas, and analyzed the influence mechanism of psychological carrying capacity, thus providing a theoretical basis for tourism carrying capacity management practices in the context of COVID-19.